Dana Ellis, Benoit Séguin, Milena Parent
Abstract: This study examined how institutionalized legislated Olympic brand protection has impacted Olympic ambush marketing and sponsorship. While direct marketing implications of anti-ambush marketing legislation are found to be minimal in this context, it is argued the practice represents a portion of a regime of brand protection and that public relations outcomes of legislated brand protection must be carefully managed as part of a brand management strategy. Similarly, proportionality and managing expectations are arguably important in the understanding and application of such laws. Finally, it is suggested that while the Olympic Movement may be viewed as an institutional entrepreneur with respect to anti-ambush legislation in the mega-event field, the individual character of each Olympic Games could interfere with complete isomorphism.
Citation: Ellis, D., Seguin, B., & Parent, M. (2019). Anti-ambush marketing legislation and institutionalized brand protection: Impacts and implications. International Journal of Sport Management, 20(3), 247-274.
References
- Barford, V. (2012, July 13). London 2012: The great Olympics sponsorship bandwagon. BBC Magazine [online]. Retrieved January 24, 2018 from http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18182541.
- Berger-Walliser, G., Williams, M. S., Walliser, B. & Bender, M. (2012). Bavarian Blondes Don’t Need a Visa: A comparative law analysis of ambush marketing. Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law, 21(1), 1-35.
- Boxenbaum, E. & Jonsson, S. (2008). Isomorphism, Diffusion and Decoupling. In R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, K. Sahlin-Andersson, & R. Suddaby (Eds.), The handbook of organizational institutionalism (pp. 78-98). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Burton, N. & Bradish, C. (2018). Discursive Power in Commercial-Rights Management: Examining the Origins of Ethical Framing of Ambush Marketing. International Journal of Sport Communication, 11(2), 200-218.
- Burton, N. & Chadwick, S. (2018). Ambush Marketing Is Dead, Long Live Ambush Marketing: A Redefinition and Typology Of an Increasingly Prevalent Phenomenon. Journal of Advertising Research, 58(3), 282-296.
- Chanavat, N., & Desbordes, M. (2014). Towards the regulation and restriction of ambush marketing? The first truly social and digital mega sports event: Olympic Games, London 2012. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 15(3), 2-11.
- Cooper, B. (2009, November 7). Why We Came Here on a Rainy Saturday. Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. Commercial Rights Management PowerPoint presentation.
- Corley, K.G. (2004). Defined by Our strategy or Our Culture? Hierarchical differences in perceptions of organizational identity and change. Human Relations, 57(9), 1145-1177.
- Czarniawska, B. (2008). How to misuse institutions and get away with it: Some reflections on institutional theory(ies). In R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, K. Sahlin-Andersson, & R. Suddaby (Eds.), The handbook of organizational institutionalism (pp. 1-46). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Dacin, M.T. (1997). Isomorphism in context: The power and prescription of institutional norms. Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 46-81.
- DiMaggio, P.J. (1988). Interest and agency in institutional theory. In L. Zucker (Ed.), Institutional patterns and organizations: Culture and environment (pp. 3-22). Toronto: HarperCollins
- DiMaggio, P.J., & Powell, W.W. (1983). The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147-160.
- Deephouse, D.L. (1996). Does Isomorphism Legitimate? Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 1024-1039.
- Dowling, M., & Smith, J. (2016). The Institutional Work of Own the Podium in Developing High-Performance Sport in Canada. Journal of Sport Management, 30(4), 396-410.
- Edwards, J.R., & Washington, M. (2015). Establishing a “safety net”: Exploring the emergence and maintenance of College Hockey Inc. and NCAA Division I Hockey. Journal of Sport Management, 29(3), 291-304.
- Ellis, D., Gauthier, M.E., & Séguin, B. (2011a). Ambush Marketing, the Olympic and Paralympic Marks Act and Canadian National Sport Organizations: Awareness, perceptions and impacts. Journal of Sponsorship, 4(3), 253-271.
- Ellis, D.L., Parent, M.M., & Séguin, B. (2016). Olympic Ambush Marketing Networks and Knowledge Transfer: Examining Their Impact on the Institutionalization of Anti-Ambush Marketing Legislation. Journal of Sport Management, 30(5), 473-489.
- Ellis, D. Scassa, T. and Séguin, B. (2011b). Framing Ambush Marketing as Legal Issue. Sport Management Review, 14(3), 297-308.
- Fahlén, J. & Stenling, C. (2018): (Re)conceptualizing institutional change in sport management contexts: the unintended consequences of sport organizations’ everyday organizational life, European Sport Management Quarterly. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/16184742.2018.1516795
- Firestone, W.A. (1993). Alternative arguments for generalizing from data as applied to qualitative research. Educational researcher, 22(4), 16-23.
- Gangjee, D.S. (2016). How the IOC ruthlessly protects the Olympics brand. The New Republic [online]. Retrieved September 1, 2016 from https://newrepublic.com/article/135847/ioc-ruthlessly-protects-olympics-brand.
- Gammelsæter, H. (2010). Institutional pluralism and governance in “commercialized” sport clubs. European Sport Management Quarterly, 10(5), 569-594.
- Gee, S., Thompson, A.J., & Batty, R.J. (2018). Rules of engagement: Sport sponsorship, anti-ambush marketing legislation, and alcohol images during the 2011 Rugby World Cup. Journal of Global Sport Management, 3(3), 266-283.
- Grady, J. (2017). Analyzing Rule 40’s Restrictions on Using Athletes in Olympic Sponsorship at Rio 2016. Entertainment and Sports Law Journal, 15(1), 1-5.
- Grady, J. & McKelvey, S. (2015, May 18). The IOC’s Rule 40 changes and the forecast for Rio 2016. Sport Business Journal [online]. Retrieved October 12, 2018 from https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2015/05/18/Opinion/Grady-McKelvey.aspx
- Gratton, C. & Jones, I. (2004). Research Methods for Sport Studies. New York: Routledge.
- Greenwood, R., Oliver, C., Sahlin, K., & Suddaby, R. (2008) Introduction. In R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, K. Sahlin-Andersson, & R. Suddaby (Eds.), The handbook of organizational institutionalism (pp. 1-46). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Guba, E.G. (1981). Criteria for Assessing the Trustworthiness of Naturalistic Inquiries. Educational Technology Research and Development, 29(2), 75-91.
- Hardy, C. & Maguire, S. (2008). Institutional Entrepreneurship. In R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, K. Sahlin-Andersson, & R. Suddaby (Eds.), The handbook of organizational institutionalism (pp. 198-217). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Humphreys, M. S., Cornwell, T.B., McAlister, A. R., Kelly, S. J., Quinn, E. A., & Murray, K.L. (2010). Sponsorship, ambushing, and counter-strategy: effects upon memory for sponsor and event. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 16(1), 96.
- IOC. (2016). IOC Marketing: Media Guide Olympic Games Rio 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2017 from http://touchline.digipage.net/iocmarketing/ rio2016/1-1.
- IOC. (2017). The Olympic Charter. Retrieved October 12, 2018 from https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/General/EN-Olympic-Charter.pdf#_ga=2.20114040.1387152261.1539372575-1912224117.1539372575.
- Jensen, J.A., Cobbs, J.B., & Turner, B.A. (2016). Evaluating sponsorship through the lens of the resource-based view: The potential for sustained competitive advantage. Business Horizons, 59(2), 163-173.
- Jones, I. (2015). Research methods for sport studies. New York: Routledge.
- Keller, K.L. (2015). Strategic Brand Management: Building, measuring, and managing brand equity. (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Koenigstorfer, J., & Groeppel-Klein, A. (2012). Implicit and explicit attitudes to sponsors and ambushers. European Sport Management Quarterly, 12(5), 477-499.
- Lawrence, T„ & Suddaby, R. (2006). Institutions and institutional work. In S. Clegg, C. Hardy, T. Lawrence, & W. Nord (Eds.), Handbook o f organisation studies (2nd ed., pp. 215-254). London: Sage.
- Leopkey, B. & Parent, M.M. (2012). The (Neo) institutionalization of legacy and its sustainable governance within the Olympic Movement. European Sport Management Quarterly, 12(5), 437-455.
- London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act (2006). Retrieved September 24, 2008 from http://www.legislation.gov.uk/acts/acts2006/pdf/ukpga_20060012_en.pdf.
- Maguire, S., Hardy, C., & Lawrence, T.B. (2004). Institutional entrepreneurship in emerging fields: HIV/AIDS treatment advocacy in Canada. Academy of Management Journal, 47(5), 657-679.
- Major Events Management Act (2007). Retrieved September 54, 2008 from http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2007/0035/latest/DLM411987.html.
- Mazodier, M., Quester, P., & Chandon, J. L. (2012). Unmasking the ambushers: Conceptual framework and empirical evidence. European Journal of Marketing, 46(1/2), 192-214.
- McKelvey, S. & Grady, J. (2008). Sponsorship Program Protection Strategies for Special Sport Events: Are Event Organizers Out Manoeuvring Ambush Marketers? Journal of Sport Management, 22(5), 550-586.
- McKelvey, S. & Longley, N. (2015). Event-specific ambush marketing legislation for mega-sporting events: an economics perspective. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 16(5), 20 – 35.
- Meyer, J. & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83(2), 340-363.
- Miles, M.B., Huberman, A.M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
- Moorman, A.M. & Greenwell, T.C. (2005). Consumer Attitudes of Deception and the Legality of Ambush Marketing Practices. Journal of the Legal Aspects of Sport, 15, 183-211.
- Nite, C., Ige, A., & Washington, M. (2018). The evolving institutional work of the National Collegiate Athletic Association to maintain dominance in a fragmented field. Sport Management Review. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.05.002.
- O’Sullivan, P. & Murphy, P. (1998). Ambush Marketing: The ethical issues. Psychology and Marketing, 15(4), 349-366.
- Oliver, C. (1991). Strategic Responses to Institutional Processes. Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 145-179.
- Oliver, C. (1992). The antecedents of deinstitutionalization. Organization studies, 13(4), 563-588.
- Olympic and Paralympic Marks Act, C-47 (OPMA, 2007). Retrieved June 28, 2007, from http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Docid=3044596&file=4.
- Palomba, M. (2011). Ambush marketing and the Olympics 2012. Journal of Sponsorship, 4(3), 245-252.
- Phelps, S., & Kent, A. (2010). Isomorphism and choice in the creation and development of an international sports federation: a review of the International Triathlon Union. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 8(3-4), 277-295.
- Preuss, H., Gemeinder, K., & Séguin, B. (2008). Ambush marketing in China: Counterbalancing Olympic sponsorship efforts. Asian Business & Management, 7(2), 243-263.
- Rowley, T.I., & Moldoveanu, M. (2003). When will stakeholder groups act? An interest-and identity-based model of stakeholder group mobilization. Academy of management review, 28(2), 204-219.
- Sandler, D.M., & Shani, D. (1989). Olympic sponsorship vs. ambush marketing-who gets the gold. Journal of advertising research, 29(4), 9-14.
- Scassa, T. (2011). Ambush Marketing and the Right of Association: Clamping down on the reference to that big event with all the athletes in a couple of years. Journal of Sport Management, 25(4), 354-370.
- Schmidt, S., Limbach, M., Langner, S., Wiedmann, K.P., Albertsen, L., & Reiter, P. (2018). Official sports sponsorship fortress vs ambush marketing attack: Investigating the impact on implicit and explicit brand knowledge. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 19(1), 91-108.
- Séguin, B. & O’Reilly, N.J. (2008). The Olympic Brand, Ambush Marketing and Clutter. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 4(1), 78-104.
- Séguin, B., Richelieu, A. & O’Reilly, N. (2008). Leveraging the Olympic Brand Through the Reconciliation of Corporate and Consumers’ Brand Perceptions. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 3(1), 3-22.
- Sherer, P.D. & Lee, K. (2002). Institutional Change in Large Law Firms: A resource dependence and institutional perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 45(1), 102-119.
- Sutton, W.A. (2011). Looking Forward: A Vision for Sport Marketing Inquiry and Scholarship. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 20(4), 242-248.
- Thornton, P. H, & Ocasio, W. (2008). Institutional logics. In R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, K. Sahlin-Andersson, & R. Suddaby (Eds.), The handbook of organizational institutionalism (pp. 99-129). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Tolbert, P.S. & Zucker, L.G. (1996). The Institutionalization of Institutional Theory. In S. Clegg, C. Hardy, & W.R. Nord (eds.), Handbook of Organization Studies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Toohey, K., & Beaton, A. (2017). International cross-sector social partnerships between sport and governments: The World Anti-Doping Agency. Sport Management Review, 20(5), 483-496.
- VANOC (2010a). Olympic/Paralympic Brand Management Guidelines. Retrieved September 10, 2010 from http://www.vancouver2010.com/more-2010-information/about-vanoc/the-vancouver-2010-brand/
- VANOC (2010b). Vancouver 2010: Staging the Olympic Winter Games Knowledge Report. Vancouver CA: Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games.
- Wagner, U. (2011). Towards the construction of the world anti-doping agency: Analyzing the approaches of FIFA and the IAAF to doping in sport. European Sport Management Quarterly, 11(5), 445-470.
- Washington, M., & Patterson, K.D. (2011). Hostile takeover or joint venture: Connections between institutional theory and sport management research. Sport Management Review, 14(1), 1-12.
- Washington, M., & Ventresca, M.J. (2008). Institutional contradictions and struggles in the formation of US collegiate basketball, 1880–1938. Journal of Sport Management, 22(1), 30-49.
- Weeks, C.S., O’Connor, P.J., & Martin, B.A. (2017). When ambush marketing is beneficial to sponsorship awareness: creating sponsor distinctiveness using exclusivity and brand juxtaposition. Journal of Marketing Management, 33(15-16), 1256-1280.
- Wolfsteiner, E., Grohs, R., & Wagner, U. (2015). What drives ambush marketer misidentification? Journal of Sport Management, 29(2), 137-154.
- Woolf, J., Berg, B.K., Newland, B.L., & Green, B.C. (2016). So you want to be a fighter? Institutional work and sport development processes at an elite mixed martial arts gym. Journal of Sport Management, 30(4), 438-452.
- Yin, R.K. (2014). Case Study Research: Design and methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Zucker, L.G. (1987). Institutional theories of organization. Annual Review of Sociology, 13(1), 443-464.