Tyler Yap Young, Daniel Wigfield, Kathleen Rodenburg
Abstract: Using the context of Canadian sport organizations, this study aims to demonstrate the necessity of identifying and adapting a valid and reliable ethical orientation scale to enable individuals in the sports community to recognize their heuristic ethical theories and those of others. Existing literature lacked suitable ethical orientation scales for sports. Qualitative interviews with 21 Canadian sport organizations unearthed a variety of ethical dilemmas being faced by sport organizations. Themes from interview transcripts were extracted using Leximancer™. The themes addressed sports ethics aspects like Team and High-Performance Selection; Organizational Administration and Decision Making; Health and Safety; Relationships and Power; Gamesmanship; and Race, Religion, and Culture. The authors note the need for future research to establish the reliability and validity of a new scale. By understanding these inclinations and how they may influence diverse and biased decisions during ethical dilemmas, individuals can bring objectivity and a broader range of perspectives to the decision-making process, thereby enhancing outcomes.
Citation: Young, T. Y., Wigfield, D., & Rodenburg, K. (2024). Establishing the need for a multi-dimensional scale for ethical decision-making in sport. International Journal of Sport Management, 25(3), 287-315.
References
- Anagnostopoulos, C., & Bason, T. (2015). Mapping the first 10 years with Leximancer: Themes and concepts in the Sports Management International Journal Choregia. CHOREGIA, 11(1), 25-41. https://doi.org/10.4127/ch.2015.0095
- Ametrano, I.M. (2014). Teaching ethical decision making: Helping students reconcile personal and professional values. Journal of Counseling & Development, 92(2), 154–161. https://doi. org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00143.x
- Appel, J. (2021, June 5). Indigenous leaders say that new name—Edmonton Elks— is a step forward. CTVNews. https://edmonton.ctvnews.ca/indigenous-leaders-say-that-new-name-edmonton-elks-is-a-step-forward-1.5457856
- Ariely, D. (2008). Predictably irrational the hidden forces that shape our decisions. HarperCollins.
- Arthur, B. (2023, March 12). There isn’t enough money to solve Canadian soccer’s problems. not yet. Toronto Star. https://www.thestar.com/sports/soccer/there-isn-t-enough-money-to-solve-canadian-soccer-s-problems-not-yet/article_b75b1ed9-0919-5ca2-9e39-2950a17cf51e.html
- Athelo Group. (2022, August 3). Gender inequality in sports. https://athelo group.com/blog/gender-inequality-in-sports/
- Bazerman, M.H. (1999). Judgment in managerial decision making. Wiley.
- Biroscak, B.J., Scott, J.E., Lindenberger, J. H., & Bryant, C.A. (2017). Leximancer Software as a research tool for social marketers. Social Marketing Quarterly, 23(3), 223–231.https://doi.org/10.1177/1524500417700826
- Crofts, K., & Bisman, J. (2010). Interrogating accountability: An illustration of the use of Leximancer software for qualitative data analysis. Qualitative Research in Accounting and Management, 7(2), 180-207. https://doi.org/10.1108/11766091011050859
- Constandt, B., Heres, L., Marlier, M., & Willem, A. (2020). A stakeholder perspective on ethical leadership in sport: Bridging the gap between the normative and descriptive lines of inquiry. Psychologica Belgica, 60(1), 381–395. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.543
- Cohen, J., Pant, L., & Sharp, D. (1993). A validation and extension of a multidimensional ethics scale. Journal of Business Ethics, 2(1), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01845782
- Collins, M. (2019, October 16). Question of the week: Are student athletes treated differently? Daily American. https://www.dailyamerican.com/story/entertainment/2019/10/16/question-of-the-week-are-student-athletes-treated-differently/43942181/
- Davidson, N. (2021, April 28). Rugby 7s women say they were let down by Rugby Canada’s bullying/harassment policy. CBC Sports. https://www.cbc.ca/sports/rugby/rugby-sevens-women-let-down-rugby-canada-bullying-harrassment-policy-1.6005901
- Davidson, N. (2022, July 29). Review says Canada soccer mishandled sexual assault allegations against coach. CBC Sports. https://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/canada-soccer-mishandles-sexual-harassment-allegations-1.6534967
- De George, R.T. (1986). Theological ethics and business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 5(6), 421–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00380748
- DeSensi, J.T. (2014). Sport: An ethos based on values and servant leadership. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 7(1), 58–63. https://doi.org/10.1123/jis.2014-0097
- Drumwright, M., Prentice, R., & Biasucci, C. (2015). Behavioral ethics and teaching ethical decision making. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 13(3), 431–458. https://doi. org/10.1111/dsji.12071
- Duhatschek, P. (2021, October 5). University of Guelph alumni want fuller investigation into track program after coach fired for misconduct. CBC News https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kitchener-waterloo/guelph-university-track-program-call-for-investigation-1.6199173
- Ferreira, J. (2022, August 3). Parents have “lost total trust” in the sport after Hockey Canada allegations. CTVNews. https://www.ctvnews.ca/sports/parents-have-lost-total-trust-in-the-sport-after-hockey-canada-allegations-1.6012810
- Foer, F. (2010). How soccer explains the world: An unlikely theory of globalization. HarperCollins.
- Fornasier, D. (2008). Teaching ethical leadership through the use of critical incident analysis. Creative Nursing, 14(3), 116–121. https://doi.org/10.1891/1078-4535.14.3.116
- Garrick, O. (2023, April 4). Premier League matches to pause for fasting Muslim players. The Athletic. https://theathletic.com/4380489/2023/04/04/premier-league-ramadan-pause/#
- Gellerman, S. (2014, August 1). Why “good” managers make bad ethical choices. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/1986/07/why-good-managers-make-bad-ethical-choices
- Gentili , M. (2023). Letter: A two AAA Rep Hockey System in Sudbury hurts players. Sudbury.com. https://www.sudbury.com/letters-to-the-editor/letter-a-two-aaa-rep-hockey-system-in-sudbury-hurts-players-6523882
- Giacalone, R.A., Jurkiewicz, C.L., & Promislo, M. (2015). Ethics and well-being: The paradoxical implications of individual differences in ethical orientation. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(3), 491–506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2558-8
- Giunta, M. (2018, March 7). Ontario passes “Rowan’s law” to prevent concussions in young athletes. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/4068686/ontario-passes-rowans-law-to-prevent-concussions-in-young-athletes/
- Goldstein, D.G., & Gigerenzer, G. (2002). Models of ecological rationality: The recognition heuristic. Psychological Review, 109(1), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.109.1.75
- Gupta, S. (2010). A Multidimensional Ethics Scale for Indian Managers’ Moral Decision Making. Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, 15(1).
- Harwell, D. (2018, January 17). Ai’s grades are improving but computers still can’t read between the lines. The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/technology/ais-grades-are-improving-but-computers-still-cant-read-between-the-lines-20180117-h0jpn5.html
- Haines, R., & Leonard, L.N.K. (2007). Individual characteristics and ethical decision‐making in an IT context. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 107(1), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635570710719025
- Heidenreich, P. (2020, July 14). Survey asks Edmonton Eskimos’ shareholders, others if CFL team should change its name. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/7173212/edmonton-eskimos-cfl-name-survey-inuit-inuk/
- Heritage Canada. (2022, August 17). Sport in Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/sport-canada.html
- Hudson, S., & Miller, G. (2005). Ethical orientation and awareness of tourism students. Journal of Business Ethics, 62(4), 383–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-0850-8
- Hughes, T.M., Dossett, L.A., Hawley, S.T., & Telem, D.A. (2020). Recognizing heuristics and bias in clinical decision-making. Annals of Surgery, 71(5), 813–814. https://doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000003699
- Hums, M.A., Barr, C.A., & Gullion, L. (1999). The ethical issues confronting managers in the sport industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 20(1), 51–66. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005951720456
- International Olympic Committee. (2023, March 3). Gender equality in sport. https://olympics.com/ioc/gender-equality
- Jeffrey, T. (2022, November 26). The whole culture needs to change: Sarnia women fighting to end abuse in sport. The Sarnia Journal. https://thesarniajournal.ca/the-whole-culture-needs-to-change-sarnia-women-fighting-to-end-abuse-in-sport/
- Kidder, R.M. (2003). How good people make tough choices: Resolving the dilemmas of ethical living. HarperCollins.
- Leximancer User Guide. (2021). https://doc.leximancer.com/doc/LeximancerManual.pdf
- Long, J. (2022, December 7). Gymnastics Canada CEO promoted prominent coach despite complaints. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/gymnastics-canada-promote-coach-despite-alleged-behaviour-1.6639395
- Longman, J., & Brassil, G.R. (2021, March 9). Complaints of emotional abuse roil synchronized swimming. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/09/sports/olympics/synchronized-swimmers-abuse.html
- Luckhurst, T. (2019, June 26). Honduras v El Salvador: The football match that kicked off a war. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-48673853
- Ludolph, R., & Schulz, P.J. (2017). Debiasing health-related judgments and decision making: A systematic review. Medical Decision Making, 38(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989×17716672
- McKey, T. (2023, January 24). Fixing the problems at Hockey Canada will be difficult without leadership changes. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/fixing-the-problems-at-hockey-canada-will-be-difficult-without-leadership-changes-187751
- Neumeister, L. (2023, August 23). Raptors sued by Knicks, accused of using ex-employee as “mole” to steal scouting secrets. CBC Sports. https://www.cbc.ca/sports/basketball/nba/raptors-sued-by-knicks-ex-employee-mole-scouting- secrets-1.6943252
- Paquette, M., Sommerfeldt, E.J., & Kent, M.L. (2015). Do the ends justify the means? dialogue, development communication, and deontological ethics. Public Relations Review, 41(1), 30–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.10.008
- Patton, J. (2021, October 8). Woman sentenced after pleading guilty to stealing over $2m from Ontario Minor Hockey Association. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/8250056/woman-guilty-fraud-ontario-minor-hockey-association/
- Pegoraro, A., & Parent, M. (2023, May 17). To mend the shredded fabric of Canadian sport, Canada needs an independent standards commission. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/to-mend-the-shredded-fabric-of-canadian-sport-canada-needs-an-independent-standards-commission-205633
- Radnofsky, C. (2021, July 20). Norwegian women’s beach handball team fined for not playing in bikinis. NBC News. Retrieved from https://www.nbcnews.com/news/sports/norwegian-women-s-beach-handball-team-fined-not-playing-bikinis-n1274453
- Reddy, M.C., & Krishnan, R.T. (2002). Measuring the ethical orientation of MBA students: A scale development. IIM Bangalore Research Paper, (183).
- Reidenbach, R. Eric, & Robin, D.P. (1988). Some initial steps toward improving the measurement of ethical evaluations of marketing activities. Journal of Business Ethics, 7(11), 871–879. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00383050
- Reidenbach, R.E., & Robin, D.P. (1990). Toward the development of a multidimensional scale for improving evaluations of business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 9(8), 639–653. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00383391
- Rodenburg, K., De Silva, V., & Christensen Hughes, J. (2021). SDGs: A responsible research assessment tool toward impactful business research. Sustainability, 13(24), 14019. https:// doi.org/10.3390/su132414019
- Rowan’s law: Concussion safety (n.d). https://www.ontario.ca/page/rowans-law-concussion-safety
- Shaffer, L. (2023, March 20). Wrestling with diet culture: How high school sports contributed to my eating disorder. OregonLive. https://www.oregonlive.com/education/2023 /03/wrestling-with-diet-culture-how-high-school-sports-contributed-to-my-eating-disorder.html
- Slugoski, K. (2020, July 22). CFL’s Edmonton Eskimos dropping “eskimo” from team name. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/7201833/edmonton-eskimos-football-team-name-change/
- Spencer, D. (2022, April 20). “Athletes have had enough”: Money, medals putting pressure on Canadian high-performance sport culture. CBC Sports. https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/olympics-canada-culture-analysis-1.6423878
- Strashin, J. (2020, November 20). Canadian youth sports groups are losing millions of dollars to fraud and theft. CBC Sports. https://www.cbc.ca/sports/fraud-canadian-youth-sports-robbed-8-million-past-decade-1.5796422
- Strashin, J., & Ward, L. (2023, February 1). Canada spends millions on safe sport. it’s not going where it’s needed. CBC Sports. https://www.cbc.ca/sports/shattered-trust-canada-safe-sport-funding-crisis-1.6716783
- Tracy, M. (2014, August 20). The gold and blue loses a bit of its luster. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/20/sports/ncaafootball/notre-dame-is-rocked-by-charges-of-academic-cheating.html
- Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Judgment Under Uncertainty, 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511809477.002
- Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Judgment Under Uncertainty, 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511809477.002
- Van Manen, M. (2014). Phenomenology of practice meaning-giving methods in phenomenological research and writing. Left Coast Press.
- Wehkamp, K., Kuhn, E., Petzina, R., Buyx, A., & Rogge, A. (2021). Enhancing patient safety by integrating ethical dimensions to critical incident reporting systems. BMC Medical Ethics, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-021-00593-8
- Westhead, R. (2022, May 26). Hockey Canada, CHL settle lawsuit over alleged sexual assault involving World Junior players. TSN. https://www.tsn.ca/hockey-canada-chl-settle-lawsuit-over-alleged-sexual-assault-involving-world-junior-players-1.1804861
- Wilk, V., Soutar, G.N., & Harrigan, P. (2019). Tackling Social Media Data Analysis. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 22(2), 94–113. https://doi.org/10.1108/qmr-01-2017-0021
- Wotruba, T.R. (1993). A framework for teaching ethical decision making in marketing. Marketing Education Review, 3(2), 2–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/10528008.1993.11488404