Examining a Sport-Based Youth Development Program’s Impact on the Resilience of Racially and Economically Marginalized Youth

Trevor Bopp, Joshua D. Vadeboncoeur, Melissa Weinsz

Abstract: Sport-based youth development (SBYD) programs utilize sport to positively contribute to youth’s overall development. It is professed sport provides experiences and a context in which life skills and development assets can be learned and practiced, so as to transfer into other life occurrences. Resilience, the ability to positively act and adapt while coping with stress, anxiety, and adverse situations, is one such developmental asset. Thus, the overall purpose of this paper is to examine the role of a SBYD program in supporting and enhancing resilience among racially and economically marginalized youth. Interviews reveal that this particular SBYD program is having a positive impact on participants’ ability to better manage, interact with, and persevere in their current environments. One space in which this has been particularly helpful is the youths’ academic resilience. These findings are further discussed with regards to their practical and conceptual application to SBYD program design and curriculum.

Keywords: academic engagement, youth of color, resilience, sport-based youth development

Citation: Bopp, T., Vadeboncoeur, J. D., & Weinsz, M. (2021). Examining a sport-based youth development program’s impact on the resilience of racially and economically marginalized youth. International Journal of Sport Management, 22(2), 151-170.

References

  • Adger, W.N. (2000). Social and ecological resilience: Are they related? Progress in Human Geography, 24(3), 347-364.
  • Akos, P., & Ellis, C.M. (2008). Racial identity development in middle school: A case for school counselor individual and systemic intervention. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86, 26-33.
  • Agasisti, T., Avvisati, F., Borgonovi, F., & Longobardi, S. (2018). Academic resilience: What schools and countries do to help disadvantaged students succeed in PISA. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 167, 1-40. OECD
  • Anasuri, S. (2016). Building resilience during life stages: Current status and strategies. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 6(3), 1-9.
  • Appleton, J.J., Christenson, S. L., & Furlong, M.J. (2008). Student engagement with school: Critical conceptual and methodological issues of the construct. Psychology in the Schools, 45(5), 369-386.
  • Barton, G. B. (2011). Career success and life skill development through sports (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Boston University.
  • Bopp, T., Turick, R., Vadeboncoeur, J.D., & Aicher, T.J. (2017). Are you welcomed? A racial and ethnic comparison of perceived welcomeness in sport participation. International Journal of Exercise Science, 10(6), 833-844.
  • Braun, V., Clarke, V., & Weate, P. (2016). Using thematic analysis in sport and exercise research. In B. Smith & A.C. Sparkes (Eds.), Routledge handbook of qualitative research in sport and exercise (pp. 191-205). Routledge.
  • Brown, D.L. (2008). African-American resiliency: Examining racial socialization and social support as protective factors. Journal of Black Psychology, 34(1), 32-48.
  • Brown, D.L., & Tylka, T.L. (2011). Racial discrimination and resilience in African American young adults: Examining racial socialization as a moderator. Journal of Black Psychology, 37(3), 259-285.
  • Campbell-Sills, L., & Stein, M.B. (2007). Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(6), 1019-1028.
  • Chavous, T.M., Rivas-Drake, D., Smalls, C., Griffin, T., & Cogburn, C. (2008). Gender matters, too: The influences of school racial discrimination and racial identity on academic engagement outcomes among African American adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 44(3), 637-654.
  • Clauss-Ehlers, C.S. (2008). Sociocultural factors, resilience, and coping: Support for a culturally sensitive measure of resilience. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(3), 197-212.
  • Clements-Nolle, K., & Waddington, R. (2019). Adverse childhood experiences and psychological distress in juvenile offenders: the protective influence of resilience and youth assets. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(1), 49-55.
  • Coakley, J. (2011). Youth Sports: What Counts as “Positive Development?”. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 35(3), 306-324.
  • Coakley, J. (2015). Assessing the sociology of sport: On cultural sensibilities and the great sport myth. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 50(4-5), 402-406.
  • Coalter, F., & Taylor, J. (2010). Sport-for-development impact study: A research initiative funded by Comic Relief and UK Sport and managed by International Development through Sport. University of Stirling.
  • Connell, J.P., Spencer, M.B., & Aber, J.L. (1994). Educational risk and resilience in African‐American youth: Context, self, action, and outcomes in school. Child Development, 65(2), 493-506.
  • Connor, K.M., & Davidson, J.R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor‐Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82.
  • Constantine, N.A., Benard, B., & Diaz, M. (1999). Measuring protective factors and resilience traits in youth: The Healthy Kids Resilience Assessment. Paper presented at the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, New Orleans, LA.
  • Côté, J. & Hancock, D.J. (2016). Evidence-based policies for youth sport programmes. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 8(1), 51-65.
  • Davidson, J.R.T. (2018). Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) Manual. Retrieved from http://www.connordavidson-resiliencescale.com
  • Ding, H., Han, J., Zhang, M., Wang, K., Gong, J., & Yang, S. (2017). Moderating and mediating effects of resilience between childhood trauma and depressive symptoms in Chinese children. Journal of Affective Disorders, 211, 130-135.
  • Ebersohn, L. (2017). A resilience, health and well-being lens for education and poverty. South African Journal of Education, 37(1), 1-9.
  • Fader, N., Legg, E., & Ross, A. (2019). The relation of sense of community in sport on resilience and cultural adjustment for youth refugees. World Leisure Journal, 61(4), 291-302.
  • Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. European Psychologist, 18(1), 12-23.
  • Fraser-Thomas, J.L., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2005). Youth sport programs: an avenue to foster positive youth development. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 10(1), 19-40.
  • Galloway, T., Lippman, L., Burke, H., Diener, O., & Gates, S. (2017). Measuring soft skills & life skills in international youth development programs: A review and inventory of tools. USAID YouthPower Project Implementation IDIQ- Task Order 1.
  • Garmezy, N. (1991). Resiliency and vulnerability to adverse developmental outcomes associated with poverty. American Behavioral Scientist, 34(4), 416-430.
  • Hartley, M.T. (2012). Assessing and promoting resilience: An additional tool to address the increasing number of college students with psychological problems. Journal of College Counseling, 15, 37-48.
  • Hartmann, D. & Kwauk, C. (2011). Sport and development: An overview, critique, and reconstruction. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 35(3), 284-305.
  • Henley, R. (2010). Resilience enhancing psychosocial programmes for youth in different cultural contexts: Evaluation and research. Progress in Development Studies, 10(4), 295-307.
  • Hermens, N., Super, S., Verkooijen, K.T., & Koelen, M. A. (2017). A systematic review of life skill development through sports programs serving socially vulnerable youth. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 88(4), 408-424.
  • Hesse-Biber, S.N., & Leavy, P. (2011). The practice of qualitative research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Holt, N.L., & Neely, K.C. (2011). Positive youth development through sport: A review. Revista de Iberoamericana de Psicologia del Ejercicio y el Deporte, 6(2), 299-316.
  • Hornor, G. (2017). Resilience. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 31(3), 384-390.
  • Johns, A., Grossman, M., & McDonald, K. (2014) “More than a game”: The impact of sport-based youth mentoring schemes on developing resilience toward violent extremism. Social Inclusion, 2(2), 57-70.
  • Jones, M., Dunn, J.G., Holt, N.L., Sullivan, P.J., & Bloom, G.A. (2011). Exploring the 5 C’s of positive youth development in sport. Journal of Sport Behavior, 34(3), 250-267.
  • Jones, G.J., Edwards, M.B., Bocarro, J.N., Bunds, K.S., & Smith, J.W. (2017). An integrative review of sport-based youth development literature. Sport in Society, 20(1), 161-179.
  • Jones, S., Joyal, C.C., Cisler, J.M., & Bai, S. (2017). Exploring emotional regulation in juveniles who have sexually offended: An fMRI study. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 26(1), 40-57.
  • Kaunda-Khangamwa, B.N., Maposa, I., Dambe, R., Malisita, K., Mtagalume, E., Chigaru, L., Munthali, A., Chipeta, E., Phiri, S., & Manderson, L. (2020). Validating a Child Youth Resilience Measurement (CYRM-28) for adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) in urban Malawi. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1896. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01896
  • Khanlou, N., & Wray, R. (2014). A whole community approach toward child and youth resilience promotion: A review of resilience literature. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 12(1), 64-79.
  • Leath, S., Mathews, C., Harrison, A., & Chavous, T. (2019). Racial identity, racial discrimination, and classroom engagement outcomes among Black girls and boys in predominantly Black and predominantly White school districts. American Educational Research Journal, 56(4), 1318-1352.
  • Lincoln, Y.S., & Guba, E.G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage Publications.
  • Luthar, S.S., & Cicchetti, D. (2000). The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Development and Psychopathology, 12(4), 857-885.
  • Martin, A.J., & Marsh, H.W. (2006). Academic resilience and its psychological and educational correlates: A construct validity approach. Psychology in the Schools, 43(3), 267- 281.
  • Martin, A.J., & Marsh, H.W. (2009). Academic resilience and academic buoyancy: Multidimensional and hierarchical conceptual framing of causes, correlates and cognate constructs. Oxford Review of Education, 35(3), 353-370.
  • Masten, A.S., Best, K.M., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2(4), 425-444.
  • Pate, C.M., Maras, M.A., Whitney, S.D., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2017). Exploring psychosocial mechanisms and interactions: Links between adolescent emotional distress, school connectedness, and educational achievement. School Mental Health, 9(1), 28-43.
  • Petitpas, A., VanRaalte, J. & France, T. (2017). Facilitating positive youth development by fostering collaboration among community-based sport and physical activity programs. The Sport Psychologist, 31, 308-314.
  • Perkins, D.F., & Noam, G.G. (2007). Characteristics of sports-based youth development programs. New Directions for Student Leadership, 115, 75-84.
  • Rutter, M. (2006). Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 1-12.
  • Sanders, J., & Munford, R. (2014). Youth-centred practice: Positive youth development practices and pathways to better outcomes for vulnerable youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 46, 160-167.
  • Seccombe, K. (2002). “Beating the odds” versus “changing the odds”: Poverty, resilience, and family policy. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 384-394.
  • Shochet, I.M., Dadds, M.R., Ham, D., & Montague, R. (2006). School connectedness is an underemphasized parameter in adolescent mental health: Results of a community prediction study. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 35(2), 170-179.
  • Thomas, D.R. (2006). A general inductive approach for analyzing qualitative evaluation data. American Journal of Evaluation, 27(2), 237-246.
  • Truffino, J.C. (2010). Resilience: An approach to the concept. Revista de Psiquiatria y Salud Mental, 3(4), 145-151.
  • Turnnidge, J., Côté, J., & Hancock, D. J. (2014). Positive youth development from sport to life: Explicit or implicit transfer. Quest, 66(2), 203-217.
  • Ungar, M. (2006). Nurturing hidden resilience in at-risk youth in different cultures. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 15(2), 53-58.
  • Ungar, M. (2008). Resilience across cultures. British Journal of Social Work, 38, 218-235.
  • United Way. (2020). ALICE research methodology: Overview and rationale. https://www.unitedforalice.org/methodology#:~:text=ALICE%20Threshold%3A%20The%20average%20income,the%20basic%20cost%20of%20living.
  • Varela, S.M. (2017). Resilience in sport: The development of a resilience program for young athletes (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Queensland.
  • Varela, S.M., Hanrahan, S.J., DeCano, P., Cook, C.R., Barrett, P.M. (2020). Promoting positive development: Coaches as trainers in sports-based resilience programs. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 28, 209-214.
  • Weir, K. (2016). Inequality at school: What’s behind the racial disparity in our education system? Monitor on Psychology, 47(10), 42-47.
  • Werner, E.E. (1995). Resilience in development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(3), 81-85.
  • Wexler, L.M., DiFluvio, G., & Burke, T.K. (2009). Resilience and marginalized youth: Making a case for personal and collective meaning-making as part of resilience research in public health. Social Science & Medicine, 69(4), 565-570.
  • Whitley, M.A., Massey, W.V., Camiré, M., Boutet, M., & Borbee, A. (2019). Sport-based youth development interventions in the United States: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 19(89). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6387-z
  • Wilkinson-Lee, A.M., Zhang, Q., Nuno, V.L., & Wilhelm, M.S. (2011). Adolescent emotional distress: The role of family obligations and school connectedness. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(2), 221-230.
  • Windle, G. (2011). What is resilience? A review and concept analysis. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 21(2), 152-169.
  • Zolkoski, S.M., & Bullock, L.M. (2012). Resilience in children and youth: A review. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 2295-2303.

Discover more from International Journal of Sport Management

Subscribe now to keep reading and get access to the full archive.

Continue reading