Exploring the Role of Marketing Strategies in Enhancing Local Professional Soccer League Attendance Post-Hosting the FIFA World Cup

Saad M. Alshamari, Stephen L. Shapiro

This study explores the impact of the 2022 FIFA World Cup on local professional soccer league attendance in Qatar by investigating how sport mega-events influence domestic sport consumption behaviors and marketing practices. Drawing on Service-Dominant Logic (SDL) and Consumer Culture Theory (CCT), the research explores the co-creation of value within a culturally specific service ecosystem. Using a dual-perspective approach, the study incorporates insights from two key stakeholder groups: local spectators who attended the World Cup and marketing managers affiliated with Qatari professional clubs. Findings reveal that while the World Cup significantly elevated soccer awareness and emotional engagement, especially among Qatari women, structural and cultural barriers continue to hinder sustained attendance. Marketing managers have responded with adaptive strategies that emphasize community outreach, digital engagement, and culturally sensitive fan experiences. However, the tension between global spectacle and local identity presents ongoing challenges. This study contributes to sport marketing field by addressing the contested legacy of mega-events in a new region. Also, provide practical implications for sport organizations and marketers aiming to enhance the effectiveness of their marketing strategies in similar contexts.

Keywords: FIFA World Cup, attendance, marketing strategies, Service-Dominant Logic, Consumer Culture Theory

APA Citation: Alshamari, S. M., & Shapiro, S. L. (2025). Exploring the role of marketing strategies in enhancing local professional soccer league attendance post-hosting the FIFA World Cup. International Journal of Sport Management, 26(4), 390-432.

References

  • Abdul Razak, S.N., & Muhamad, T.A. (2022). Strategic sports planning in Malaysia and Qatar. Malaysian Journal of Sport Science and Recreation, 18(1), 49-65.
  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/07495
978(91)90020
  • Akaka, M.A., & Vargo, S.L. (2015). Extending the context of service: from encounters to ecosystems. The Journal of Services Marketing, 29(6/7), 453–462. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-03-2015-0126
  • Alba, J.W., & Hutchinson, J.W. (1987). Dimensions of consumer expertise. Journal of Consumer Research, 13(4), 411-454. https://doi.org/10.1086/209080
  • Alexander, D.L., Kern, W., & Neill, J.R. (2000). Valuing the consumption benefits from professional sports franchises. Journal of Urban Economics, 48(2), 321-337. https://doi.org/
10.1006/juec.2000.2167
  • Alhojailan, M.I. (2012). Thematic analysis: A critical review of its process and evaluation. West East Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 39-47.
  • Alonso, A.D., & O’Shea, M. (2013). The links between reasons for game attendance of a new professional sports league and revenue management: An exploratory study. International Journal of Revenue Management, 7(1), 56-74. https://
doi.org/10.1504/IJRM.2013.053359
  • Arnould, E.J., & Thompson, C.J. (2005). Consumer culture theory (CCT): Twenty years of research. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(4), 868-882. https://doi.org/10.1086/426626
  • Atkinson, P., & Silverman, D. (1997). Kundera’s Immortality: The interview society and the invention of the self. Qualitative Inquiry, 3(3), 304-325. https://doi.org/10.1177/107780049700300304
  • Baade, R.A., & Tiehen, L.J. (1990). An Analysis of Major League Baseball Attendance, 1969 – 1987. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 14(1), 14-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/019372359001400102
  • Bodet, G., & Bernache-Assollant, I. (2011). Consumer loyalty in sport spectatorship services: The relationships with consumer satisfaction and team identification. Psychology & Marketing, 28(8), 781–802. https://
doi.org/10.1002/mar.20412
  • Brannagan, P.M., & Giulianotti, R. (2015). Soft power and soft disempowerment: Qatar, global sport and football’s 2022 World Cup finals. Leisure Studies, 34(6), 703–719. https://doi.
org/10.1080/02614367.2014.964291
  • Burke, P.J., & Reitzes, D.C. (1981). The Link Between Identity and Role Performance. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44(2), 83–92. https://
doi.org/10.2307/3033704
  • Chadwick, S. (2006). Soccer marketing and the irrational consumption of sport. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 7(3), 153-154. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-07-03-2006-B002
  • Chalip, L. (1992), The construction and use of polysemic structures: Olympic lessons for sport marketing. Journal of Sport Management, 6(2), 82-98. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.6.2.87
  • Chandler, J.D., & Vargo, S.L. (2011). Contextualization and value-in-context: How context frames exchange. Marketing Theory, 11(1), 35-49.
  • Connelly, L.M. (2016). Trustworthiness in qualitative research. Medsurg Nursing, 25(6), 435-436.
  • Cottingham, M., Carroll, M.S., Phillips, D., Karadakis, K., Gearity, B.T., & Drane, D. (2014). Development and validation of the motivation scale for disability sport consumption. Sport Management Review, 17(1), 49-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2013.11.001
  • Creswell, J.W., & Poth, C.N. (2016). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications
  • DiCicco‐Bloom, B., & Crabtree, B.F. (2006). The qualitative research interview. Medical Education, 40(4), 314-321. https://doi.org/10.1111/
j.1365-2929.2006.02418.x
  • Dietz-Uhler, B., Harrick, E.A., End, C., & Jacquemotte, L. (2000). Sex Differences in Sport Fan Behavior and Reasons for Being a Sport Fan. Journal of Sport Behavior, 23(3), 219.
  • Dobson, S. and Goddard, J. (2011), The Economics of Professional Football. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.1096
  • Dworkin. (2012). Sample size policy for qualitative studies using in-depth interviews. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(6), 1319–1320. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-0016-6
  • Feng, Lu, J., & Yoon, Y. (2018). Impact of international sports events on the attendance of domestic sports league games using Chinese Super League data. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 19(3), 258–275. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-06-2016-0036
  • Ferreira, M., & Bravo, G. (2007). A multilevel model analysis of professional soccer attendance in Chile 1990-2002. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 8(3), 49-66.
  • Fink, J.S., Trail, G.T., & Anderson, D.F. (2002). An examination of team identification: Which motives are most salient to its existence? International Sports Journal, 6(2), 195.
  • Fisher, R.J., & Wakefield, K. (1998). Factors leading to group identifi
cation: A field study of winners and losers. Psychology & Marketing, 15(1), 23-40.
  • Fuchs, O., & Schomer, H.H. (2007). Beyond Sport: A Thematic Analysis of surfing. South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation, 29, 11-27.
  • Funk, D.C., & James, J. (2001). The psychological continuum model: A conceptual framework for understanding an individual’s psychological connection to sport. Sport Management Review, 4(2), 119-150. https:
//doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(01)
70072-1
  • Funk, D.C., Filo, K., Beaton, A.A., & Pritchard, M. (2009). Measuring the motives of sport event attendance: Bridging the academic-practitioner divide to understanding behavior. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 18(3), 126-138.
  • Gantz, W., & Wenner, L.A. (1991). Men, women, and sports: Audience experiences and effects. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 35(2), 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838159109364120
  • Gareth, S., Bailey, A., & Williams, A. (2011). Aspects of service-dominant logic and its implications for tourism management: Examples from the hotel industry. Tourism Management, 32(2), 207-214. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.tourman.2010.05.020
  • Gau, L.S., James, J.D., & Kim, J.C. (2009). Effects of team identification on motives, behavior outcomes, and perceived service quality. Asian Journal of Management and Humanity Sciences, 4(2-3), 76-90.
  • Götz, O., & Hacioglu, G. (2010). The organizational roles of marketing and marketing managers. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 28(3), 291-309. https://doi.org/10.1108/02634501011041435
  • Götz, O., & Hacioglu, G. (2010). The role of marketing managers in sports organizations. Journal of Business Research, 63(4), 394-402. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.02.006
  • Hackley, C. (1999). The Meanings of Ethics in and of Advertising. Business Ethics: A European Review, 8(1), 37-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8608.00123
  • Hagger, M.S., Chatzisarantis, N.L.D., & Biddle, S.J.H. (2002). A meta-analytic review of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior in physical activity: Predictive validity and the contribution of additional variables. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24(1), 3–32. https://doi.
org/10.1123/jsep.24.1.3
  • Hardie, B.G.S., Johnson, E.J., & Fader, P.S. (1993). Modeling loss aversion and reference dependence effects on brand choice. Marketing Science, 12(4), 378–394. https://doi.org/10.
1287/mksc.12.4.378​
  • Hays, D.G., & Singh, A.A. (2012). Qualitative inquiry in clinical and educational settings. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Herz, R.S., & Schooler, J. W. (2002). a naturalistic study of autobiographical memories evoked by olfactory and visual cues: Testing the Proustian hypothesis. The American Journal of Psychology, 115(1), 21–32. https://doi.
org/10.2307/1423672
  • Hirata, K., & Szymanski, S. (2015). The impact of the 2002 World Cup on Japan’s domestic league attendance. Journal of Sports Economics, 16(3), 293-311
  • Hirata, S., & Szymanski, S. (2015). The impact of the FIFA World Cup on international tourism. Tourism Management, 46, 438-447. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.tourman.2014.08.011
  • Hoch, S.J. (2002). Product Experience Is Seductive. The Journal of Consumer Research, 29(3), 448–454. https://doi.
org/10.1086/344422
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Horbel, C., Popp, B., Woratschek, H., & Wilson, B. (2016). How context shapes value co-creation: spectator experience of sport events. The Service Industries Journal, 36(11–12), 510–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/026
42069.2016.1255730
  • Horbel, C., Popp, B., Woratschek, H., & Wilson, B. (2018). Service-dominant logic and its implications for sports management: A comprehensive review. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 8(5), 570-587. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-08-2017-0045
  • Horbel, C., Woratschek, H., & Popp, B. (2016). The role of the customer in the service dominant logic and value co-creation. Sport Management Review, 19(5), 518–531. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.smr.2016.01.002
  • Horton, J., Macve, R., & Struyven, G. (2004). Qualitative research: experiences in using semi-structured interviews. In The real life guide to accounting research (pp. 339-357). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/
B978-008043972-3/50022-0
  • Huber, J., Payne, J. W., & Puto, C. (1982). Adding asymmetrically dominated alternatives: Violations of regularity and the similarity hypothesis. Journal of Consumer Research, 9(1), 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1086/208899
  • James, J.D., & Ross, S.D. (2004). Comparing sport consumer motivations across multiple sports. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 13(1), 17–25.
  • Kahane, L., & Shmanske, S. (1997). Team roster turnover and attendance in major league baseball. Applied Economics, 29(4), 425–431. https://doi.
org/10.1080/000368497326921
  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185​
  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1991). Loss aversion in riskless choice: A reference-dependent model. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(4), 1039–106. https://doi.org/10.2307/
2937956
  • Kaid, L.L., Downs, V.C., & Ragan, S. (1990). Political argumentation and violations of audience expectations: An analysis of the bush‐rather encounter. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 34(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838159009386722
  • Karakaya, F., Yannopoulos, P., & Kefalaki, M. (2016). Factors impacting college students’ intention to attend sporting events. Journal of Promotion Management, 22(1), 167-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2015.1107024
  • Keaton, S.A., Watanabe, N.M., & Gearhart, C.C. (2015). A comparison of college football and NASCAR consumer profiles: Identity formation and spectatorship motivation. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 24(1), 43-55.
  • Kivetz, R. (2003). The Effects of Effort and Intrinsic Motivation on Risky Choice. Marketing Science (Providence, R.I.), 22(4), 477–502. https://doi.
org/10.1287/mksc.22.4.477.24911
  • Ko, Y.J., Chang, Y., & Jolly, M.A. (2015). Impacts of the World Cup on consumer behavior in the sport industry in the Middle East. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 16(5), 22–35.
  • Kolyperas, D., & Sparks, L. (2018). Exploring value co-creation in Fan Fests: The role of fans. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 26(1), 71-84. https://
doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2017.1374298
  • Kulda, Arturs & Agita, Abele. (2024). Event marketing and fan satisfaction in win2day ice hockey league using an example of ec idm wärmepumpen vsv. Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov 15(4), 26-29
  • Kwon, H.H., & Trail, G.T. (2001). The feasibility of single-item measures in sport fan motivation research. Sport Management Review, 4(2), 149-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70077-X
  • Kyngäs, H., Kääriäinen, M., & Elo, S. (2020). The trustworthiness of content analysis. In The application of content analysis in nursing science research (pp. 41-48). Springer, Cham.
  • Laverie, D.A., & Arnett, D.B. (2000). Factors Affecting Fan Attendance: The Influence of Identity Salience and Satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(2), 225–246. https://doi.
org/10.1080/00222216.2000.11949915
  • LeFeuvre, A.D., Stephenson, E.F., & Walcott, S.M. (2013). Football Frenzy: The Effect of the 2011 World Cup on Women’s Professional Soccer League Attendance. Journal of Sports Economics, 14(4), 440–448. https://doi.org/
10.1177/1527002513496012
  • Lehmann, D.R., & Pan, Y. (1994). Context Effects, New Brand Entry, and Consideration Sets. Journal of Marketing Research, 31(3), 364-. https://
doi.org/10.2307/3152223
  • Lopez, F. (2009). Football and politics in Egypt. In Football and Politics in the Middle East (pp. 45–60).
  • Lysa. (2021). Globalized, yet local: Football fandom in Qatar. Soccer and Society, 22(7), 744–756. https://doi.org/
10.1080/14660970.2020.1835650
  • Madrigal, R. (2006). Measuring the multidimensional nature of sporting event performance consumption. Journal of Leisure Research, 38(3), 267-292. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222
216.2006.11950079
  • Mahony, D.F., Nakazawa, M., Funk, D.C., James, J.D., & Gladden, J.M. (2002). Motivational factors influencing the behavior of J. League spectators. Sport Management Review, 5(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523
(02)70060-8
  • Mason, D.S. (1999). What is the sports product and who buys it? The marketing of professional sports leagues. European Journal of Marketing, 33(3/4), 402–419. https://doi.
org/10.1108/03090569910253251
  • Mason, M. (2010). Sample size and saturation in PhD studies using qualitative interviews. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 11(3). https:
//doi.org/10.17169/fqs-11.3.1428
  • Mattsson, J., Ramaseshan, B., & Carson, D. (2006). Letting go of the reigns: The strategic role of marketing in the 21st century. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 14(3), 183–195.
  • McDonald, M.A., Milne, G R., & Hong, J. (2002). Motivational factors for evaluating sport spectator and participant markets. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 11(2).
  • Mehus, I. (2005). Sociability and excitement motives of spectators attending entertainment sport events: spectators of soccer and ski-jumping. Journal of Sport Behavior, 28(4), 333-350.
  • Mehus, I. (2005). Sociability and excitement: A study of soccer spectators. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 40(4), 431-446. https://doi.
org/10.1177/1012690205060114
  • Melnick, M.J., & Wann, D.L. (2010). An examination of sport fandom in Australia: Socialization, team identification, and fan behavior. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 46(4), 456-470. https://doi.org/10.1177/
1012690210380582
  • Merelo, J.J., Mora, A., & Cotta, C. (2013). Complex systems in sports: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Systems Science and Complexity, 26(1), 1-3. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11424-013-2292-1
  • Mero-Jaffe, I. (2011). ‘Is that what I said?’ Interview transcript approval by participants: an aspect of ethics in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 10(3), 231-247. https://doi.org/10.1177/
160940691101000304
  • Mullin, B., Hardy, S. and Sutton, W. (2007), Sports Marketing, 3rd ed., Human Kinetics,
  • Murrell, A.J., & Dietz, B. (1992). Fan Support of Sport Teams: The Effect of a Common Group Identity. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14(1), 28-39. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.
14.1.28
  • Nassir, A., & Amara, M. (2015). Policies for naturalization of foreign-born athletes: Qatar and Turkey in comparison. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 7(4), 497–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2015.1060712
  • Noble, C.H., & Mokwa, M.P. (1999). Implementing Marketing Strategies: Developing and Testing a Managerial Theory. Journal of Marketing, 63(4), 57-73. https://doi.org/10.
1177/002224299906300406
  • Noll, R.G. (2007). Sports economics after fifty years. Stanford University Press.
  • Owen, P.D., & Weatherston, C.R. (2004). Uncertainty of Outcome and Super 12 Rugby Union Attendance: Application of a General-to-Specific Modeling Strategy. Journal of Sports Economics, 5(4), 347-370. https://doi.
org/10.1177/1527002503259062
  • Park, S.-Y., & Vargo, S.L. (2012). The service-dominant logic approach to tourism marketing strategy. In R.H. Tsiotsou & R. Goldsmith (Eds.), Strategic marketing in tourism services (pp. 231-246). Emerald.
  • Qatar population 2021. Qatar Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs). Retrieved December 14, 2021, from https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/qatar-population
  • Ramaseshan, B., Ishak, A., & Rabbanee, F.K. (2013). The role of marketing managers’ commitment and involvement in marketing strategy implementation. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 21(6), 465-483. https://
doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2013.804858
  • Ratneshwar, S., Shocker, A.D., & Stewart, D.W. (1987). Toward understanding the attraction effect: The implications of product stimulus meaningfulness and familiarity. Journal of Consumer Research, 13(4), 473–491. https://
doi.org/10.1086/209082
  • Ratten, V. (2011). International sports management: Current trends and future developments. Journal of Management & Organization, 17(1), 4-15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1833367200001820
  • Ratten, V. (2015). International sport marketing: Practical and future research implications. Journal of Business Research, 68(2), 203-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.06.009
  • Ratten, V. (2016). Sports innovation management: Practitioners and research reflections. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 2631-2635. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.014
  • Reiche, D., & Brannagan, P.M. (Eds.). (2022). Routledge Handbook of Sport in the Middle East (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781
003032915
  • Robinson, M.J., Trail, G.T., Dick, R.J., & Gillentine, A.J. (2005). Fans vs. spectators: An analysis of those who attend intercollegiate football games. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 14(1), 43–53.
  • Roth, A., & Basow, S.A. (2004). Femininity, sports, and feminism: Developing a theory of physical liberation. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 28(3), 245-265. https://doi.
org/10.1177/0193723504266990
  • Sagas, M., Cunningham, G.B., & Pastore, D. (2006). Predicting head coaching intentions of male and female assistant coaches: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Sex Roles, 54(9–10), 695–705. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11199-006-9035-x
  • Saldaña, J. (2015). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (3rd ed.). SAGE.
  • Sargent, S.L. (2003). Enjoyment of televised sporting events: Evidence of a gender gap. Communication Research Reports, 20(2), 182–188. https://doi.
org/10.1080/08824090309388814
  • Shenton, A.K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for Information, 22(2), 63-75. https://
doi.org/10.3233/EFI-2004-22201
  • Simonson, I., & Tversky, A. (1992). Choice in Context: Tradeoff Contrast and Extremeness Aversion. Journal of Marketing Research, 29(3), 281-. https://doi.org/10.2307/3172740
  • Srivastava, R.K., Shervani, T.A., & Fahey, L. (1999). Marketing, Business Processes, and Shareholder Value: An Organizationally Embedded View of Marketing Activities and the Discipline of Marketing. Journal of Marketing, 63(4), 168-179. https://
doi.org/10.1177/00222429990634s116
  • Stieler, M., Weismann, F., & Germelmann, C.C. (2014). Co-destruction of value by spectators: The case of silent protests. European Sport Management Quarterly, 14(1), 72-86. https://doi.
org/10.1080/16184742.2013.865249
  • Sutton, W.A., & Parrett, I. (1992). Marketing the core product in professional team sports in the United States. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 1(2), 7–19.
  • Sutton, W.A., McDonald, M.A., Milne, G.R., & Cimperman, J. (1997). Creating and fostering fan identification in professional sports. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 6, 15-22.
  • Terre Blanche, M., & Durrheim, K. (2002). Research in practice: Applied methods for the social sciences. University of Cape Town Press.​
  • The Middle East Institute. (2010) Viewpoints special edition: sports and the Middle East. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved April 4, 2014, from http://www.mei.edu/
  • Theodorakis, N.D., Alexandris, K., & Ko, Y.J. (2011). A service quality framework in the context of professional football in Greece. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 12(4), 57–71. https://
doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-12-04-2011-B005
  • Theodorakis, N.D., Alexandris, K., Tsigilis, N., & Karvounis, S. (2017). Predicting spectators’ behavioural intentions in professional football: The role of satisfaction and service quality. Sport Management Review, 20(2), 135-147. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.smr.2016.05.003
  • Theodorakis, N.D., Kaplanidou, K., Alexandris, K., & Papadimitriou, D. (2017). From sport event quality to quality of life: The role of satisfaction and purchase happiness. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 18(3), 182-205. https://doi.org/10.1080/
15470148.2016.1276887
  • Theodorakis, N.D., Koustelios, A., Robinson, L., & Barlas, A. (2019). Moderating the role of team identification in the relationship between service quality and repurchase intentions among spectators of professional sports. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 19(4), 456-473. https://doi.org/10.
1108/09604520910971557
  • Theodorakis, N.D., Wann, D., Al-Emadi, A., Lianopoulos, Y., & Foudouki, A. (2017). An examination of levels of fandom, team identification, socialization processes, and fan behaviors in Qatar. Journal of Sport Behavior, 40(1), 87-107
  • Trail, G.T., & James, J.D. (2001). The motivation scale for sport consumption: Assessment of the scale’s psychometric properties. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24(1).
  • Trail, G.T., Fink, J.S., & Anderson, D.F. (2003). Sport spectator consumption behavior. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12(1), 8-17.
  • Tsiotsou, R.H. (2016). The role of social and parasocial relationships on social media fans’ brand community engagement and brand loyalty. Journal of Business Research, 69(1), 456-464.
  • Tsiotsou, R.H. (2016). The social aspects of consumption as predictors of consumer loyalty: Online vs offline services. Journal of Service Management, 27(2), 91–116.
  • Urban, G.L. (2005). Customer Advocacy: A New Era in Marketing? Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 24(1), 155-159. https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.
24.1.155.63887
  • Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., & Bondas, T. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nursing & Health Sciences, 15(3), 398-405. https://doi.org/10.
1111/nhs.12048
  • Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., & Bondas, T. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nursing & Health Sciences, 15(3), 398-405. https://doi.org/10.
1111/nhs.12048
  • Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2004). Evolving to a new dominant logic for marketing. Journal of Marketing, 68(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.
68.1.1.24036
  • Vargo, S.L., & Lusch, R.F. (2008). From goods to service(s): Divergences and convergences of logics. Industrial Marketing Management, 37(3), 254-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2007.07.004
  • Vargo, S.L., & Lusch, R.F. (2008). Service-dominant logic: Continuing the evolution. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 36(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-007-0069-6
  • Vargo, S.L., & Lusch, R.F. (2016). Institutions and axioms: an extension and update of service-dominant logic. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 44(1), 5–23. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s11747-015-0456-3
  • Wakefield, K.L. (1995). The pervasive effects of social influence on sporting event attendance. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 19(4), 335-351. https://
doi.org/10.1177/019372395019004002
  • Wakefield, K.L., & Sloan, H.J. (1995). The Effects of Team Loyalty and Selected Stadium Factors on Spectator Attendance. Journal of Sport Management, 9(2), 153–172. https://doi.
org/10.1123/jsm.9.2.153
  • Wann, D.L. (1995). Preliminary validation of the sport fan motivation scale. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 19(4), 377–396. https://doi.org/10.1177/
01972395019004004
  • Wann, D.L., Grieve, F.G., Zapalac, R., & Pease, D.G. (2008). Motivational profiles of sport fans of different sports. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 17(1), 6-19.
  • Webb, J. (1995). Marketing research. In Marketing Theory and Practice. Palgrave.
  • Won, J.-u., & Kitamura, K. (2007). Comparative analysis of sport consumer motivations between South Korea and Japan. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 16(2), 93–105.
  • Woratschek, H., Horbel, C., & Popp, B. (2014). The sport value framework – a new fundamental logic for analyses in sport management. European Sport Management Quarterly, 14(1), 6-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2013.865776
  • Yoshida, M., Heere, B., & Gordon, B S. (2015). Predicting behavioral loyalty through community: Why other fans are more important than our own intentions, our satisfaction, and the team itself. Journal of Sport Management, 29(3), 318-333. https://doi.
org/10.1123/jsm.2014-0183

Discover more from International Journal of Sport Management

Subscribe now to keep reading and get access to the full archive.

Continue reading