Steven G. Miller, Stacey A. Hall, Chris Croft
Abstract: Professional sport security directors must possess the necessary competencies needed to not only manage a crisis but to lead the organization post-crisis and positively affect organizational change. The advantages of doing so can improve communications, resource allocation, and staff training, as well as assist the organization in identifying vulnerabilities and developing countermeasures to prevent future incidents. The purpose of this study was to 1) determine the perceived levels of crisis readiness competencies of professional sport security directors, and 2) examine the relationship between personal characteristics (education level, years of experience, and participation in training) and the level of perceived competencies. A total of 69 professional sport security directors (46% response rate) from six major sports leagues in the United States participated in this study.
Keywords: sport event security, crisis leadership, workforce competencies
Citation: Miller, S. G., Hall, S. A., & Croft, C. (2020). Leading through crisis: Competencies for sport event security professionals. International Journal of Sport Management, 21(2), 174-192.
References:
- Barton, L. (1993). Crisis in organizations: Managing and communicating in the heat of chaos. Cincinnati, OH: College Divisions South-Western.
- Bass, B. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York, NY: Free Press.
- Beckman, L. (2006). A system for evaluating emergency response capabilities at a university sporting venue. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertation and Theses Database (AAT No. 3268436).
- Boin, A., & Lagadec, P. (2000). Preparing for the future: Critical challenges in crisis management. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 8(4), 185-191.
- Borodzicz, E., & Van Haperen, K. (2002). Individual and group learning in crisis simulations. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 10(3), 139-147.
- Boyatzis, J. (1982). The competent manager: A model for effective performance. New York, NY: Wiley.
- Brinkerhoff, R.O. (2005). The success case method: A strategic evaluation approach to increasing the value and effect of training. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 7(1), 86-101.
- Brockner, J., & James, E. (2008). Toward an understanding of when executives see crisis as opportunity. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 44(1), 94-115. doi:10.1177/0021886307313824
- Brookfield, S.D. (1991). The skillful teacher. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Carmeli, A., & Sheaffer, Z. (2008). How learning leadership and organizational learning from failures enhance perceived organizational capacity to adapt to the task environment. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 44(4), 468-489.
- Carnevale, A.P., & Desrochers, D.M. (2004). Keeping America’s promise: A report on the future of the community college. Denver, CO: Education Commission of the States.
- Chiaburu, D.S., & Marinova, S.V. (2005). What predicts skill transfer? An exploratory study of goal orientation, training self-efficacy and organizational supports. International Journal of Training and Development, 9(2), 110-123.
- Commercial Sport and Entertainment Facilities Safety and Security Best Practices Guide. (2019). The National Center for Spectator Sports Safety and Security. Retrieved from https://ncs4.usm.edu/knowledgeportal/best-practices
- Crichton, M., Lauche, K., & Flin, R. (2005). Incident command skills in the management of an oil industry drilling incident: A case study. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 13(3), 116-128.
- Cunningham, G.M. (2007). Security management capabilities in intercollegiate athletic departments. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertation and Theses Database (AAT No. 3275010).
- Dean, P.J., Dean, M.R., & Rebalsky, R.M. (1996). Employee perceptions of workplace factors that will most improve their performance. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 9, 75-89.
- Devitt, K., & Borodzicz, E. (2008). Interwoven leadership: The missing link in multi-agency major incident response. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 16(4), 208-216.
- Dewey, J. (1997). Experience and education. New York, NY: MacMillan.
- Flin, R., & Slaven, G. (1995). Identifying the right stuff: Selecting and training on-scene emergency commanders. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 3(2), 113-123.
- Hall, S. (2015). Crisis communication: Best practices for sports safety and security teams. The International Centre for Sports Security Journal, 3(2), 25-29.
- Hall, S. (2006). Effective security management of university sport venues. The Sport Journal, 9(4), 1-9.
- Hall, S. (2013). Training needs of sport and event organizations. The International Centre for Sports Security Journal, 1(3), 61-67.
- Hall, S., Fos, P., Marciani, L., & Zhang, L. (2011). Value modeling in sport security planning: Setting priorities in security efforts at large spectator events. International Journal of Sport Management, 12(2), 1-17.
- Heifetz, R., Grashow, A., & Linsky, M. (2009). Leadership in (permanent) crisis. Harvard Business Review, 87(7/8), 62-69.
- Holton, E.F. III, & Baldwin, T.T. (2003). Improving learning transfer in organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer.
- Huselid, M., Becker, B., & Beatty, R. (2005). The workforce scorecard: Managing human capital to execute strategy. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
- Hutchins, H., & Wang, J. (2008). Organizational crisis management and human resource development: A review of the literature and implications to HRD research and practice. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 10(3), 310-330. doi: 10.1177/1523422308316183
- James, E., & Wooten, L. (2005). Leadership as unusual: How to display competence in times of crisis. Organizational Dynamics, 34(2), 141-152.
- Knowles, M.S. (1984). Andragogy in action. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Lewis, J. (2011). The computer ate my classroom: Assessing student interactions, perceived learning, and satisfaction in online community college career technical education courses. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertation and Theses Database (UMI No. 3455445).
- Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and personality. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
- Mathieu, J.E., Tannenbaum, S.I., & Salas, E. (1992). Influences of individual and situational characteristics on measures of training effectiveness. Academy of Management Journal, 35, 828-847.
- Miller, J., Veltri, F., & Gillentine, A. (2008). Spectator perception of security at the Super Bowl after 9/11: Implications for sport facility managers. Sport Management and Related Topics Journal, 4(2), 16-25.
- Mitroff, I. (1988). Crisis management: Cutting through the confusion. Sloan Management Review, 29(2), 15-20.
- Mitroff, I. (2002). Crisis learning: The lessons of failure. The Futurist, 36(5), 18-21.
- Mitroff, I., & Pearson, C. (1993). Crisis management: A diagnostic guide for improving your organization’s crisis-preparedness. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Osborne, J., & Costello, A. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9.
- Pantera, M., Accorsi, R., Winter, C., Bobeille, R., Spros, G., Queen, D.,… Domanoski, B. (2003). Best practices for game day security at athletic and sport venues. The Sport Journal, 6(4), 1-6.
- Pauchant, T., & Mitroff, I. (1992). Transforming the crisis-prone organization: Preventing individual, organizational, and environmental tragedies. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Pearson, C., & Clair, J. (1998). Reframing Crisis Management. Academy of Management Review, 23(1), 59-76.
- Pearson, C. & Mitroff, I. (1993). From crisis prone to crisis prepared: A framework for crisis management. Academy of Management Executive, 7(1), 48-59.
- Rogers, C. R. (1983). Freedom to learn for the ‘80s. Columbus, OH: Merrill.
- Roux-Dufort, C. (2009). The devil lies in details! How crises build up within organizations. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 17(1), 4-11.
- Rummel, R.J. (1970). Applied Factor Analysis. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
- Statista. (2019). Average per game attendance of the five major sports leagues in North America in 2018/19. Retrieved from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/207458/per-game-attendance-of-major-us-sports-leagues/
- Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
- Van Buren, M.E., & Erskine, W. (2002). The 2002 ASTD State of the Industry Report. Alexandria, VA: American Society of Training and Development.
- Weiss, R.P. (2002). Crisis leadership. Training and Development, March, 29-33.
- Wooten, L., & James, E. (2004). When firms fail to learn: The perpetuation of discrimination in the workplace. Journal of Management Inquiry, 13(1), 23-33.
- Wooten, L., & James, E. (2008). Linking crisis management and leadership competencies: The role of human resource development. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 10(3), 352-379.
- Yusko, K., & Goldstein, H. (1997). Selecting and developing crisis leaders using competency-based simulations. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 5(4), 216-223.